Carl David Anderson

Carl Anderson
Born	(1905-09-03)September 3, 1905 New York City, US
Died	January 11, 1991(1991-01-11) (aged 85) San Marino, California, US
Resting place	Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills
Alma mater	California Institute of Technology (BS, PhD)
Known for	Discovery of the positron Discovery of the muon
Spouse	Lorraine Bergman ​ (m. 1946)​
Children	2
Awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1936) Elliott Cresson Medal (1937)
Scientific career
Fields	Particle physics
Institutions	California Institute of Technology (1930–1976)
Thesis	Space-Distribution of X-ray Photoelectrons Ejected from the K and L Atomic Energy-Levels  (1930)
Doctoral advisor	Robert Millikan
Doctoral students	Seth Neddermeyer (1935) Leon Katz (1943)[1] James C. Fletcher (1948)[1] Donald Glaser (1950)[1] George Trilling (1955)[1] Carl A. Rouse (1956)[1]

Carl David Anderson (September 3, 1905 – January 11, 1991) was an American experimental physicist who shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics with Victor Hess for his discovery of the positron,^[2] which confirmed the existence of antimatter.

Carl David Anderson was born on September 3, 1905, in New York City, to Swedish immigrants, Carl David Anderson Sr. and Emma Adolfina Ajaxson.^[3]

Anderson studied physics and engineering at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), receiving his B.S. in 1927 and his Ph.D. in 1930.^[3]

Anderson spent the entirety of his career at Caltech; he was Research Fellow (1930–1933) and Assistant Professor to Associate Professor of Physics (1933–1939), before finally becoming Professor of Physics in 1939—a position he held until his retirement in 1976.^[4]

In 1946, Anderson married Lorraine Bergman, with whom he had two sons.^[3]

Anderson died on January 11, 1991, in San Marino, California, at the age of 85. His remains were interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles, California. He was a Christian.^[5]

Under the supervision of Robert Millikan, Anderson began investigations into cosmic rays during the course of which he encountered unexpected particle tracks in his (modern versions now commonly referred to as an Anderson) cloud chamber photographs that he correctly interpreted as having been created by a particle with the same mass as the electron, but with opposite electric charge.

This discovery, announced in 1932 and later confirmed by others, validated Paul Dirac's theoretical prediction of the existence of the positron. Anderson first detected the particles in cosmic rays. He then produced more conclusive proof by shooting gamma rays produced by the natural radioactive nuclide ThC'' (²⁰⁸Tl)^[6] into other materials, resulting in the creation of positron-electron pairs.

For this work, Anderson shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics with Victor Hess.^[7] Fifty years later, Anderson acknowledged that his discovery was inspired by the work of his Caltech classmate, Chung-Yao Chao, whose research formed the foundation from which much of Anderson's work developed but was not credited at the time.^[8]

In 1936, Anderson and his first graduate student, Seth Neddermeyer, discovered the muon^[9] (or 'mu-meson', as it was known for many years), a subatomic particle 207 times more massive than the electron, but with the same negative electric charge and spin 1/2 as the electron, again in cosmic rays.

Anderson and Neddermeyer at first believed that they had seen a pion, a particle which Hideki Yukawa had postulated in his theory of the strong interaction. When it became clear that what Anderson had seen was not the pion, the physicist I. I. Rabi, puzzled as to how the unexpected discovery could fit into any logical scheme of particle physics, quizzically asked "Who ordered that?" (sometimes the story goes that he was dining with colleagues at a Chinese restaurant at the time).

The muon was the first of a long list of subatomic particles whose discovery initially baffled theoreticians who could not make the confusing "zoo" fit into some tidy conceptual scheme. Willis Lamb, in his 1955 Nobel Prize Lecture, joked that he had heard it said that "the finder of a new elementary particle used to be rewarded by a Nobel Prize, but such a discovery now ought to be punished by a 10,000 dollar fine."^[10]

Country	Year	Institute	Award	Citation	Ref.
Sweden	1936	Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences	Nobel Prize in Physics	"For his discovery of the positron"	[2]
United States	1937	Franklin Institute	Elliott Cresson Medal	"For the discovery of the positron"	[11]

Country	Year	Institute	Type	Section	Ref.
United States	1938	American Philosophical Society	Member	Mathematical and Physical Sciences	[12]
United States	1938	National Academy of Sciences	Emeritus	Physics	[13]
United States	1950	American Academy of Arts and Sciences	Member	Mathematical and Physical Sciences	[14]

• Anderson, C. D. (1933). "The Positive Electron". Physical Review. 43 (6): 491–494. Bibcode:1933PhRv...43..491A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.43.491.
• Anderson, C. D. (1932). "The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable Positives". Science. 76 (1967): 238–9. Bibcode:1932Sci....76..238A. doi:10.1126/science.76.1967.238. PMID 17731542.
• Anderson, C. D. (technical advisor) (1957). The Strange Case of the Cosmic Rays. The Bell Laboratory Science Series.

• Weiss, Richard J. (1999). The Discovery of Anti-matter: The Autobiography of Carl David Anderson, the (Second) Youngest Man to Win the Nobel Prize. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-3680-9.

• 1983 Audio Interview with Carl Anderson by Martin Sherwin Voices of the Manhattan Project

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl David Anderson.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Carl David Anderson.

• American National Biography, vol. 1, pp. 445–446.
• Annotated bibliography for Carl David Anderson from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• Carl Anderson and the Discovery of the Positron
• Carl David Anderson on Nobelprize.org
• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
• Oral History interview transcript with Carl D. Anderson on 30 June 1966, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
• Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang (ed.). "Anderson, Carl (1905–1991)". ScienceWorld.