Wikipedia

Cheta (armed group)

This article concentrates on Ottoman-era groups - compare also Chetniks (disambiguation)

A cheta (Albanian: çeta; Aromanian: ceatã; Bulgarian: чета; Greek: τσέτης; Macedonian: чета; Romanian: ceată; Turkish: çete; Serbian: чета, romanized: četa), in plural chetas, were irregular armed bands present throughout the 19th-century and very early 20th-century Ottoman Empire, particularly in Anatolia and the Balkans.

Context & Terminology

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In the late Ottoman Empire, armed rebellions became common occurrences. These rebellions often saw irregular armed bands of rebels, known as chetas, take on the Ottoman Army. Cheta (četa) is a Serbian word meaning 'troop', with a proto-Slavic origin; cognate words exist in most Slavic languages.[1]

The leader of Slavic chetas were generally referred to as a voivoda. Leaders of Greek chetas referred to them as the kapetan or kapetanios. The members of chetas were generally called 'chetniks', though members of Bulgarian chetas were known as Komitadjis, while members of Greek chetas have been referred to as Armatoles, Klepht, Andartes, or Makedonomachoi (in the period of the Macedonian Struggle)[2][3]

Notable occurances

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During the Macedonian Struggle of 1893 to 1912 chetas of Bulgarians,[4][5] Greeks, Serbs,Aromanians and Albanians fought against each other and against the Ottoman Army, vying for ideological and ethnic dominance in the territory. This was during a time when increasingly harsh Ottoman crackdowns indicated that reform and reconciliation of the Ottoman state with the various nationalist groups seemed increasingly less likely.[6][7][8]

Muslim chetas were active in Asia Minor after World War I. They were notorious for their assaults on Christian Orthodox Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians during the late Ottoman genocides of c. 1913 to c. 1924.[9][10] The term was also used as a synonym for members of the Ottoman Empire's Special Organization[11] (active c. 1913 to 1920).

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/četa". 23 December 2024.
  2. ^ The war correspondence of Leon Trotsky: The Balkan Wars 1912-13, Author: Leon Trotsky, Publisher Resistance Books, 1980, p. 227., ISBN 0-909196-08-7
  3. ^ Handan Nezir-Akmese: The Birth of Modern Turkey. The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI, I.B.Tauris, 2005, ISBN 1850437971, p. 52.
  4. ^ "The IMARO activists saw the future autonomous Macedonia as a multinational polity, and did not pursue the self-determination of Macedonian Slavs as a separate ethnicity. Therefore, Macedonian was an umbrella term covering Bulgarians, Turks, Greeks, Vlachs, Albanians, Serbs, Jews, and so on." Historical Dictionary of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, "Introduction".
  5. ^ The political and military leaders of the Slavs of Macedonia at the turn of the century seem not to have heard the call for a separate Macedonian national identity; they continued to identify themselves in a national sense as Bulgarians rather than Macedonians.[...] (They) never seem to have doubted "the predominantly Bulgarian character of the population of Macedonia". The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world, Princeton University Press, Danforth, Loring M. 1997, ISBN 0691043566, p. 64.
  6. ^ Vickers, Miranda (2011). The Albanians: A Modern History. I.B. Tauris: 28 January 2011.
  7. ^ "Vulturii Pindului – 13. Luptele fârșeroților cu antarții". Armatolii (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 13 September 2021.
  8. ^ The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804-1920, Volume 8 from A History of East Central Europe, Barbara Jelavich, University of Washington Press, 1986, p. 135., ISBN 0-295-96413-8
  9. ^ Kevorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-020-6.
  10. ^ Shirinian, George N. (2017). Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-433-7.
  11. ^ Akçam, Taner (2008). "Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 3 (1): 111–145. doi:10.3138/gsp.3.1.111.