| Creaky-voiced glottal approximant | |
|---|---|
| Audio sample | |
A creaky-voiced glottal approximant is a consonant sound in some languages. It involves tension in the glottis and diminution of airflow, compared to surrounding vowels, but not full occlusion. It is a common phonetic realization of a glottal stop, especially intervocalically, but is only rarely contrastive except when gemination is involved.
One source has used the transcription ⟨ʔ̬⟩,[1] and another has used ⟨ʔ̰⟩;[2] however, both sources quote Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:76–77), who only use the IPA wildcard ⟨*⟩ in their transcription.
Features
[edit]Features of a creaky-voiced glottal approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its phonation is creaky-voiced.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]It is an intervocalic allophone of a glottal stop in many languages; in languages with gemination, it may only be a stop intervocalically when geminate.[3]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gimi | hagok | /ha*oʔ/ | 'many' | The voiced equivalent of a glottal stop /ʔ/; /*/ and /ʔ/ correspond to /ɡ/ and /k/ in neighboring languages.[4] One source analyses the pair instead as /ʔ/ and /ʔː/.[5] |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Garellek, Marc; Chai, Yuan; Huang, Yaqian; Van Doren, Maxine (2023). "Voicing of glottal consonants and non-modal vowels". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53 (2): 305–332. doi:10.1017/S0025100321000116.
- ^ Kehrein, Wolfgang; Golston, Chris (2005). "A prosodic theory of laryngeal contrasts". Phonology. 21 (3): 325–357. doi:10.1017/S0952675704000302. JSTOR 4615515. S2CID 62734231.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 75–77.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 76–78.
- ^ Gimi Organised Phonology Data. [Manuscript] [1]
References
[edit]- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
