Executive Vesting Clause

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The Executive Vesting Clause (Article II, Section 1, Clause 1) of the United States Constitution says that "the executive power shall be vested" in a President of the United States who shall hold the office for a term of four years.^[1] Similar vesting clauses are found in Article I and Article III; the former bestows federal legislative power exclusively to the United States Congress, and the latter grants judicial power solely to the United States Supreme Court, and other federal courts established by law. These three clauses together secure a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government, and individually, each one entrenches checks and balances on the operation and power of the other two branches.

The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:[...]

The primary aspects of these clauses relate to the vesting schedule, the types of vesting, and the treatment upon separation or change of control. A typical schedule often requires continuous employment over a period (e.g., four years with a one-year "cliff" before the first portion vests, and then monthly or quarterly thereafter). This time-based vesting serves as a retention tool, aligning the executive's long-term interests with the company's stability and growth. Clauses are carefully drafted to comply with relevant tax laws, such as Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code in the US, to prevent immediate taxation on unvested awards.^[2]

Vesting provisions can be further refined by incorporating performance-based or trigger-based conditions, rather than relying solely on time. Performance-based vesting ties the executive's ownership rights to the achievement of specific, pre-determined metrics, such as revenue targets, earnings per share (EPS) growth, or total shareholder return (TSR). This strengthens the alignment between pay and performance. Furthermore, executive agreements often include clauses detailing accelerated vesting, which dictates how unvested equity is treated upon specific events. Common acceleration triggers include "double-trigger" provisions—requiring both a change in company control and the executive's subsequent termination (without cause) or resignation (for good reason)—or "single-trigger" provisions, which vest the equity solely upon a change of control. These separation and change-of-control provisions are critical in providing security and incentivizing executives to remain with the company through transitional periods.^[3]

These cases are frequently cited in disputes over executive stock options, restricted stock, and forfeiture provisions, particularly in federal courts applying state contract or federal securities law:

• Lucente v. IBM Corp. (2nd Cir. 2002) Defined the limits of the "employee choice doctrine" in New York. The court ruled that an employer may not enforce a harsh forfeiture-for-competition clause on vested benefits if the employee was involuntarily terminated.^[4]
• Ramos v. Fox Broadcasting Co. (9th Cir. 2004) Contractual interpretation of what constitutes "continuous employment." The case examined whether an executive's resignation notice given before a final vesting date, but effective afterward, was sufficient to trigger the forfeiture of unvested options.^[5]
• In re Am. Apparel, Inc. S'holder Litig. (D. Del. 2017) Addresses the contractual validity and fiduciary implications of accelerated vesting and severance packages for executives in the context of a corporate change of control/bankruptcy proceeding.^{[citation needed]}
• IBM v. Smadi (S.D.N.Y. 2016) A district court example of a company suing for the clawback of gains from vested stock awards, based on the executive's alleged breach of a non-compete/detrimental activity clause after separation.^[6]

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Executive Vesting Clause of Article II of the Constitution of the United States of America

• List of clauses of the United States Constitution