Kalpa Sūtra

Kalpa Sūtra
Kalpa Sūtra
	Detail of a leaf with, The Birth of God Mahavira (the 24th Jain Tirthankara), from the Kalpa Sutra, c.1375–1400.
Information
Religion	Jainism
Author	Bhadrabahu

The Kalpa Sūtra (Sanskrit: कल्पसूत्र) is an important Jain scripture containing the biographies of the Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira.^[1] Ascribed to Acharya Bhadrabahu, which would place it in the 4th century BCE,^[2] it states that it was written down 980 or 993 years after the Nirvana (Moksha) of Mahavira or 1230 years after the Nirvana of Tirthankar Parswanath.

History

Within the six sections of the Jain literary corpus belonging to the Śvetāmbara school, it is classed as one of the Cheda Sūtras. This Sutra contains detailed life histories and, from the mid-15th century, was frequently illustrated with miniature painting.^[3] The oldest surviving copies are written on paper in western India in the 14th century.^[4]

The Kalpa Sutra is ascribed to Acharya Bhadrabahu, the sixth spiritual successor of the great shraman Chaturvidh sangha of Mahavira, who is said to have composed it some 150 years after the Nirvāṇa of Mahavira.^[2] It was compiled probably during the reign of Dhruvasena, 980 or 993 years after Mahavira's liberation.^[5]

The Kalpa Sutra was one of the first Jain texts to be translated into English.^[6]

Importance

The book is read and illustrated in an eight-day-long festival of Paryushan by Jain monks for general people. Only monks are generally permitted to read this scripture, as in Jainism, this text has very high spiritual values and sanctity.^{[citation needed]}

The sound of the words alone, even without reflection on the meaning, is considered to transform the listener's soul.^[7]

References

Citations

^ Jacobi, Hermann (1884). Müller, F. Max (ed.). Kalpa Sutra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East. Vol. 22. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
^ ^a ^b "Mahavira". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2009 – via Answers.com.
^ Jacobi, Hermann (1964). Jaina Sutras Part I. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Motilal Babarsidass.
^ Budny, Mildred O. (18 April 2018). "Sanskrit and Prakrit Manuscripts -". Retrieved 16 June 2024.
^ Kailash Chand Jain 1991, p. 75.
^ Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.
^ Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Vyas 1995, p. 27.
^ Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.

Sources

Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), Lord Mahāvīra and His Times, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0805-8
Vyas, R. T., ed. (1995), Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, ISBN 81-7017-316-7
"The Kalpa Sûtra" translated in English by Hermann Jacobi is published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers in Delhi in " The Sacred Books of the East" (Vol 22) (1989) ISBN 81-208-0123-7

External links

Translations

Kalpa Sutra text (1884 English translation) (sacred-texts.com)
Kalpa Sutra text (1884 English translation) (Wisdom Library)
The Kalpa sutra, and Nava tatva (1848 English translation)

[1] Jacobi, Hermann (1884). Müller, F. Max (ed.). Kalpa Sutra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East. Vol. 22. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

[Britannica-2] "Mahavira". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2009 – via Answers.com.

[3] Jacobi, Hermann (1964). Jaina Sutras Part I. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Motilal Babarsidass.

[4] Budny, Mildred O. (18 April 2018). "Sanskrit and Prakrit Manuscripts -". Retrieved 16 June 2024.

[FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199175-5] Kailash Chand Jain 1991, p. 75.

[6] Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.

[7] Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.

[FOOTNOTEVyas199527-8] Vyas 1995, p. 27.

[9] Cort, John E. (2001). Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.

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