Wikipedia

List of terrestrial exoplanet candidates for atmosphere detection

The rocky exoplanets are thought to be abundant in the Milky Way, however their existence of atmosphere and their atmospheric composition are generally unknown.[1] The existence of a stable atmosphere depends on several factors including total amount of radiation receive (which is related to the spectral type of host star), the surface gravity (related to mass and radius) and the orbital period.[2]

As of 2024, 55 Cancri e is the first and the only terrestrial exoplanet with verified atmospheric detection. Its atmosphere might have been re-generated by the magma ocean and is composed of either carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO2).[3]

Artist's impression of L 98-59 b as a rocky planet with an atmosphere

Table

[edit]

To be included in the following list, an exoplanet must:

  • Be terrestrial or nearly terrestrial (density > 3.0 g/cm3 and radius < 2.5R⊕)
  • Transit the host star from the Earth's view
  • Have been studied with the transmission spectroscopy or secondary eclipse and have published claim(s) of atmospheric detection, whether confirmed or not.

Note that mass values prefixed with "~" have not been measured, but are estimated from the mass-radius relationship.

Row colors key
Solar system planet for reference
Solar system moon for reference
Exoplanet with confirmed atmosphere detection
Exoplanet with unconfirmed atmosphere detection
Planet/Moon Host Spectral type Mass (M⊕) Radius (R⊕) Existence of atmosphere Composition of atmosphere (by volume) Period (days) Distance (ly) Refs/notes
Earth
(reported for reference)		 Sun G2V 1.00 1.00 Confirmed 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, water vapour and other trace gases 365.25 0 [4]
Venus
(reported for reference)		 Sun G2V 0.815 0.950 Confirmed 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and other trace gases 244.26 ~0 [5]
Mars
(reported for reference)		 Sun G2V 0.107 0.533 Confirmed 95.97% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon, 1.89% nitrogen, oxygen and other trace gases 686.98 ~0 [6]
Titan
(reported for reference)		 Saturn – 0.0225 0.404 Confirmed (for the troposphere) 97% nitrogen, 2.7±0.1% methane, 0.1–0.2% hydrogen 15.945 (sidereal) ~0 [7]
Triton
(reported for reference)		 Neptune – 0.0036 0.212 Confirmed nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide traces 5.877 (sidereal, retrograde) ~0 [8]
LTT 1445 Ab LTT 1445 A M2.5V 2.73 1.34 Unconfirmed Probably hydrogen cyanide 5.36 22.4 [9]
Gliese 486 b Gliese 486 M3.5V 2.77 1.29 Unconfirmed Probably water vapour 1.47 26.3 [10]
Gliese 357 b Gliese 357 M2.5V 1.84 1.22 Unconfirmed - 3.93 30.8 [11]
Gliese 341 b Gliese 341 M1V 0.73 0.89 Unconfirmed Likely water vapour or other small molecules 7.58 34.1 [12]
L 98-59 b L 98-59 M3V 0.47 0.85 Confirmed Likely sulfur dioxide 2.25 34.6 [13]
L 98-59 c L 98-59 M3V 2.22 1.38 Unconfirmed Likely carbon dioxide and water vapour 3.69 34.6 [14]
TRAPPIST-1b TRAPPIST-1 M8V 1.37 1.12 Unconfirmed Likely carbon dioxide 1.51 40.6 [15]
TRAPPIST-1c TRAPPIST-1 M8V 1.31 1.10 Unconfirmed Likely 99% oxygen + 1% carbon dioxide 2.42 40.6 [16]
TRAPPIST-1e TRAPPIST-1 M8V 0.69 0.92 Unconfirmed Likely nitrogen with methane traces 6.10 40.6 Located in the habitable zone[17]
LHS 475 b LHS 475 M3.5V ~0.91 0.99 Unconfirmed Probably carbon dioxide 2.03 40.7 [18]
55 Cancri e 55 Cancri A K0IV-V 7.99 1.87 Confirmed Carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide 0.736 41.0 [3]
LHS 1140 b LHS 1140 M4.5V 5.60 1.73 Unconfirmed Likely nitrogen 24.74 48.8 Located in the habitable zone[19]
LHS 1478 b LHS 1478 M3.5V 2.33 1.20 Unconfirmed Likely carbon dioxide and water vapour/ nitrogen 1.95 59.4 [20][16]
HD 97658 b HD 97658 K1V 7.81 2.25 Unconfirmed Likely hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane 9.49 70.3 [21]
TOI-732 c TOI-732 M3.5V 8.04 2.39 Unconfirmed Likely methane 12.25 71.8 [22]
L 168-9 b L 168-9 M1V 4.07 1.63 Unconfirmed Likely carbon dioxide 1.40 82.1 [23]
TOI-431 b TOI-431 K2V 3.07 1.24 Unconfirmed - 0.490 106 [24]
K2-141b K2-141 K5V 5.08 1.51 Unconfirmed Likely vapourized silicate-rock 0.280 202 [25]
K2-22b K2-22 M0V 0.02 <0.71 Confirmed Likely MgSiO3 dust and NO/CO2 0.381 801 [26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wordsworth, Robin; Kreidberg, Laura (2022). "Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 60: 159–201. arXiv:2112.04663. Bibcode:2022ARA&A..60..159W. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-125632.
  2. ^ Cutts, Elise (2025-03-12). "The Road Map to Alien Life Passes Through the 'Cosmic Shoreline'". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
  3. ^ a b Hu, Renyu; Bello-Arufe, Aaron; Zhang, Michael; Paragas, Kimberly; Zilinskas, Mantas; van Buchem, Christiaan; Bess, Michael; Patel, Jayshil; Ito, Yuichi; Damiano, Mario; Scheucher, Markus; Oza, Apurva V.; Knutson, Heather A.; Miguel, Yamila; Dragomir, Diana (8 May 2024). "A secondary atmosphere on the rocky Exoplanet 55 Cancri e". Nature. 630 (8017): 609–612. arXiv:2405.04744. Bibcode:2024Natur.630..609H. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07432-x. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 38718834.
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  5. ^ Williams, David R. (25 November 2020). "Venus Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  6. ^ Williams, David (2018). "Mars Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.; Mean Anomaly (deg) 19.412 = (Mean Longitude (deg) 355.45332) – (Longitude of perihelion (deg) 336.04084) Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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  16. ^ a b Connors, Nicholas J.; Monaghan, Christopher; Benneke, Björn; Dang, Lisa (2 July 2025). "Uniform Reanalysis of JWST MIRI 15μm Exoplanet Eclipse Observations using Frame-Normalized Principal Component Analysis". The Astrophysical Journal. 989 (1): L11. arXiv:2507.02052. Bibcode:2025ApJ...989L..11C. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adee0d.
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  21. ^ Guo, Xueying; et al. (2020). "Updated Parameters and a New Transmission Spectrum of HD 97658b". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (5): 239. arXiv:2004.03601. Bibcode:2020AJ....159..239G. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab8815. S2CID 215415990.
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