Wikipedia

Perplexity AI#Comet

This article is about the artificial intelligence search engine. For the namesake measure of uncertainty in information theory, see Perplexity.

Perplexity AI, Inc.
Perplexity
Company typePrivate
IndustryArtificial intelligence, search engine
Founded2022; 3 years ago (2022)[1]
FoundersAravind Srinivas, Denis Yarats, Johnny Ho, Andy Konwinski[1]
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.[2]
Area served
Worldwide
ProductsPerplexity
Perplexity Pro
Perplexity Assistant
Perplexity Comet[3]
Number of employees
52 (2024) Edit this on Wikidata
Websiteperplexity.ai

Perplexity AI, Inc., or simply Perplexity, is an American privately held software company offering a web search engine that processes user queries and synthesizes responses.[4] Perplexity products use large language models and incorporate real-time web search capabilities, providing responses based on current Internet content, including inline source citations.[5] A free public version is available, while a paid Pro subscription offers access to more advanced language models and additional features.[6]

It delivers synthesized responses accompanied by citations to the sources, allowing users to explore topics without navigating multiple sites. The platform supports follow-up questions and offers an an interactive search experience. The Pro subscription allows users to switch between different language models (OpenAI, Anthropic, Google) and has features including document uploads and personalized search preferences.[7]

Perplexity AI, Inc. was founded in 2022[8] by Aravind Srinivas, Denis Yarats, Johnny Ho, and Andy Konwinski. As of September 2025, the company was valued at US $20 billion.[9]

Perplexity AI has attracted legal scrutiny over allegations of copyright infringement, unauthorized content use, and trademark issues from several major media organizations, including the BBC, Dow Jones, and The New York Times.[10][11] According to separate analyses by Wired and later Cloudflare, Perplexity uses undisclosed web crawlers with spoofed user-agent strings to scrape the content of news websites who disallow or explicitly block web scraping.[12][13]

History

[edit]

In August 2022, Perplexity AI, Inc. was founded by Aravind Srinivas, Denis Yarats, Johnny Ho, and Andy Konwinski, engineers with backgrounds in back-end systems, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning.[14] It launched its main search engine on December 7, 2022, and has since released a Google Chrome extension and an app for iOS and Android.[6][5][15] In February 2023, Perplexity reported two million unique visitors.[5] By April 2024, Perplexity had raised $165 million in funding, valuing the company at over $1 billion.[16] As of June 2025, Perplexity closed a $500 million round of funding that elevated its valuation to $14 billion.[17] Investors in Perplexity AI have included Jeff Bezos, Tobias Lütke, Nat Friedman, Nvidia, and Databricks.[18][19][16] During Bloomberg’s Tech Summit 2025, Srinivas shared that the company processed 780 million queries in May 2025, experiencing more than 20% month-over-month growth, processing around 30 million queries daily.[20]

In-Depth Timeline

[edit]

A 2024 TechCrunch report noted that in early 2024 Perplexity received $73.6 million in investment and is valued at around $520 million.[21] Even though it is a young company, major investors such as Nvidia and Jeff Bezos have backed it.[21] This growth shows how strong the platform lays itself in AI search amongst competitors with larger companies like Google and Microsoft.

In July 2024, Perplexity announced the launch of a new publishers' program to share ad revenue with partners.[22] According to the news outlet, CNBC, Perplexity planned to begin running ads following months of increased attention.[23] The startup says its app has been downloaded over two million times and handles 230 million queries per month, with U.S. traffic rising eightfold in the previous year.[23] Perplexity raised funding in April 2024, which pushed the company's valuation above $1 billion. At the same instance, the platform faced criticism from several publishers who said Perplexity reused their reporting too closely.[24]

On January 18, 2025, the day before the impending U.S. ban on the social media app TikTok, Perplexity submitted a proposal for a merger with TikTok US. The founders aimed to address national security concerns by establishing a joint company uniting with TikTok U.S. [25][26][27][28][29]

On August 12, 2025, Perplexity made a bid to buy Google Chrome from Google for $34.5 billion.[30] Perplexity's plan would keep Chromium open to the public, put in $3 billion over the course of 2 years and keep Google as Chrome's default search engine.[31] Perplexity stated that the sale could remedy anti-trust litigation against Google, in which a judge was considering compelling the sale of Chrome.[32]

Products and services

[edit]
Perplexity AI
Developers
Initial releaseDecember 7, 2022; 3 years ago (2022-12-07)
Engine
Type
Websiteperplexity.ai

Perplexity's main product is a search engine powered by generative AI, which searches for information online and summarizes it to answer the prompt provided by the user.[18] Perplexity also enables users to generate customizable web pages and research presentations based on user prompts.[33] Perplexity incorporates a freemium model for individual users, while a paid enterprise service is also available.[16]

A 2025 product evaluation in the Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association provides a detailed look at how Perplexity AI works; explaining that it combines large language models with live web search to produce answers.[34] Perplexity AI offers two main modes: "search" for quick results and "research" for longer, more detailed responses. It is noted that features such as file uploads, image generation, spaces, and the ability to choose different LLMs is available in the pro tier.[35] Perplexity functions as a hybrid between a search engine and an AI assistant.

Perplexity Pro

[edit]

Perplexity Pro, the premium subscription tier of Perplexity AI, provides access to an API[18] and also enables users to search both internal files and web content. It allows the user to select between backend models such as GPT-5, GPT-4.1, o4-mini, Claude 4.0, Grok 4 and Gemini Pro 3.[36] The company has also developed its own models Sonar (based on Llama 3.3)[37] and R1 1776 (based on DeepSeek R1).[38]

[edit]

Internal Knowledge Search enables Pro and Enterprise Pro users to simultaneously search across web content and internal documents. Users can upload and search through Excel, Word, PDF, and other common file formats. Enterprise Pro users have a limit of 500 files for upload and indexing.[39]

Search API

[edit]

Perplexity's Search API provides AI developers with programmatic access to the company's search infrastructure. The release in September 2025 includes a software development kit, an open-source evaluation framework called search_evals, and documentation detailing the API's design and optimization.[40]

Shopping hub

[edit]

Perplexity's Shopping Hub launched in November 2024 with backing by Amazon and Nvidia.[41] It is an online shopping platform that includes AI-generated product recommendations and enables users to purchase products directly through Perplexity's interface.Recommendations are tailored based on user preferences and browsing behavior. Combining AI suggestions with direct purchase options, provides a personalized shopping experience for its users.[41][42]

Finance

[edit]

In October 2024, Perplexity AI introduced new finance-related features, including looking up stock prices and company earnings data. The tool provides real-time stock quotes and price tracking, industry peer comparisons and basic financial analysis tools. The platform sources its financial data from Financial Modeling Prep. Users can monitor portfolios, watchlists, and track multiple companies side by side, which makes it accessible for investors and professionals.[43][44]

Assistant

[edit]

In January 2025, Perplexity launched the Perplexity Assistant, an AI-powered tool designed to enhance the functionality of its search engine. It can perform tasks across multiple apps, such as hailing a ride or searching for a song, and is capable of maintaining context across actions.[15] The assistant is also multi-modal, meaning it can use a phone's camera to provide answers about the user's surroundings or on-screen content.[15] Perplexity has acknowledged that the assistant is still in development and may not always function as expected. For instance, certain features, such as summarizing unread emails or upcoming calendar events, require users to enable a workaround based on notifications.[15] Overall, the tool demonstrates Perplexity's approach to incorporating AI into digital tasks, reducing the need to switch between apps.

Comet

[edit]

In July 2025, Perplexity launched Comet, an AI browser based on Chromium. Initially, access to the browser was limited to users subscribed to the highest, most expensive subscription tier, with broader availability expected over time.[45] The browser was later released for free download in October 2025.[46] A key feature of the browser is the integration of the Perplexity search engine,[47] which enables users to perform a variety of tasks such as generating article summaries, describing an image, conducting research about a topic and composing emails.[48] Its development reflects Perplexity's goal of creating AI tools that merge and make technology more convenient.[49]

Truth Social chatbot

[edit]

Perplexity has been contracted to produce a chatbot for Donald Trump's social media platform Truth Social.[50]

Academic Use

[edit]

Following its expansion into tools such as the Perplexity Assistant and Comet, Perplexity AI has also seen growing use in academic and professional contexts. Beyond its role as an AI-powered search engine, Perplexity AI has shown potential as a pre-writing tool in higher education, suggesting it can be utilized to help students structure, organize, and refine their written work more efficiently.[51] By combining qualitative measures with quantitative performance metrics, researchers gained a comprehensive understanding of its educational advantages. Students who regularly engaged with Perplexity AI showed improvements in writing structure, organization, and vocab.[51]

In a social work education journal curated by Marguerita McGovern in August 2024, reported that students and teachers use Perplexity to work with anonymized case examples during placement.[52] By reviewing the AI-generated responses, students practice critical analysis and reflect on ethical aspects within a safe learning environment. The platform allows learners to compare its output with their own knowledge and experience.[53]

Perplexity AI can serve as a motivational tool in addition to being a technical assistant, and its integration into academic settings could help students in developing stronger writing skills.

Research Studies

[edit]

A faculty study in 2024 compared Perplexity AI and ChatGPT for academic use; both tools support learning but have different advantages.[54] Because accuracy is variable, students and educators have to assess AI responses critically. Perplexity AI stands out for multimedia searches such as generation of videos and links which supports collaboration.[54] In contrast, other AI chatbots like ChatGPT excel in executing code, producing figures and calculations.

Research indicates that there is a correlation between how education affects people's willingness to use conversational AI tools, like Perplexity AI.[55] Participants with lower education levels were much more likely to avoid or stop using the AI, showing a digital divide amongst those who feel comfortable using this tool.[55] User experience may differ depending on whether the free or paid versions are used, however, these tools can enhance teaching and research when used properly.[54] Another 2024 study adds that as AI tools become more common, concerns of plagiarism and unreliable outputs have grown because detection systems like Turnitin, GPTZero, and ZeroGPT produce inaccurate results.[56][57] Because of this, researchers argue that students and instructor must pay close attention to AI-generated work patterns for detection rather than relying on systems alone. [56]

In medical education, researchers Gravina et al. compared Perplexity AI and ChatGPT 3.5 using "gastroenterology residency exam questions from Italy's 2023" national exam.[58] ChatGPT outperformed Perplexity, which showed lower accuracy and consistency. The study suggested future research could test more medical scenarios with different AI models for broader results.[57][58]

Perplexity Measures

[edit]

Beyond academic performance, the ability to differentiate AI-generated from human-written content has been a focus in research. In a 2025 study, Elek et al. evaluated the use of perplexity scores to identify AI-generated abstracts.[59][60] They found that "human written abstracts had higher perplexity scores than AI-generated ones, indicating greater complexity and originality."[61] They also tested AI detection tools and found that "GPTZero...exhibited better performance than ZeroGPT," accurately identifying most AI-generated abstracts, while "ZeroGPT...performed less than chance in identifying human-written from AI-generated abstracts."[61] Results from this research indicates that perplexity scoring and AI tools can help identify generative content.

Leadership

[edit]

Aravind Srinivas is the CEO and co-founder of Perplexity AI.[62][63][64] Born in Chennai, India, he excelled academically and graduated with a dual-degree from the Indian Institute of Technology. He went on to pursue a Ph.D. at UC Berkeley, intending a career in research rather than entrepreneurship.[65] He previously held research positions at OpenAI, Google Brain, and DeepMind focusing on machine learning and artificial intelligence. This background gave insight into scaling large AI systems, which he implemented throughout the process of Perplexity's search infrastructure.[66][67]

Controversies

[edit]
[edit]

In June 2024, Forbes publicly criticized Perplexity for using their content. According to Forbes, Perplexity published a story largely copied from a proprietary Forbes article without mentioning or prominently citing Forbes. In response, Srinivas said that the feature had some "rough edges" and accepted feedback but maintained that Perplexity only "aggregates" rather than plagiarizes information.[68][69][70]

In October 2024, The New York Times sent a cease-and-desist notice to Perplexity to stop accessing and using NYT content, claiming that Perplexity is violating its copyright by scraping data from its website.[71] In June 2024, Dow Jones and New York Post filed a lawsuit against Perplexity, alleging copyright infringement. The lawsuit also alleges that Perplexity attributed quotes to an article on F-16 jets for Ukraine that never appeared in the original article.[72] Perplexity released a blog post to address the lawsuits on October 24, 2024. It stated that the complaints are misleading and reiterated that it was open to revenue-sharing programs.[73] On January 31, 2025, Perplexity was sued in the United States for alleged trademark infringement by Perplexity Solved Solutions (PSS), a software firm founded in 2017.[74] The lawsuit claims that Perplexity AI's use of the name "Perplexity" violates PSS's federally registered trademark and could cause consumer confusion. PSS had previously declined an offer from Perplexity AI to purchase the trademark in 2023. The suit seeks to prevent Perplexity AI from using the name in its branding and marketing.[75] In June 2025, the BBC threatened legal action against Perplexity AI, demanding that the company stop the unauthorized scraping of its content, delete all retained BBC material used in training its models, and provide financial compensation for the infringement of its intellectual property rights.[76] On August 8, 2025, the Japanese newspaper company Yomiuri Shimbun filed a lawsuit against Perplexity for "free-riding" of 120,000 articles of the publication from February to June 2025.[77] Later that month, two more Japanese newspaper companies, The Asahi Shimbun and The Nikkei, also filed lawsuit against the company for alleged copyright infringement.[78]

Comparison & Accuracy

[edit]

Recent studies of AI chatbots for academic referencing show that even the most advanced models are not fully reliable. A 2025 study by Cabezas-Clavjio and Sidorenko-Bautista assessed eight AI Chatbots in their free version, including Perplexity AI, for generating bibliographic references.[79] Although some chatbots produced close to correct citations, none achieved complete accuracy. The study emphasizes that AI can be helpful for research purposes but cannot replace human verification, especially in academic writing where precision is necessary.[79]

Perplexity AI attempts to mitigate these issues by providing inline source citations and linking to the original content when possible so users can trace information back to its origin. However, even with citations, the accuracy of the sources can vary as the AI may misinterpret or over-summarize material. The platform also give pro users the ability to choose between AI models for each task, which can influence output accuracy. The tool can accelerate research most effectively when used alongside human judgement.[80]

In a 2024 study, Uppalapati and Nag, compared four AI Models: ChatGPT, Claude AI, Google Bard, and Perplexity AI.[81] Each AI chatbot was tested on how well they could handle complex medical scenarios. The researchers reported on accuracy, relevance, clarity, and completeness. Compared to the others, Perplexity AI scored moderately in relevance and completeness, but lower in accuracy. Different AI tools have strengths and weaknesses depending on the given task, and no model is fully reliable without checking the information.[80] Many studies comparing Perplexity AI to other generative AI chatbots highlight the strengths and weaknesses depending on each AI model; for example, GANs, VAEs, and autoregressive models.[82] In a 2024 study, compared to ChatGPT and Gemini, Perplexity AI acts as a search assistant by pulling information from the web and summarizing it.[82]

These concerns align with Li and Sinnamon's (2024) audit of generative AI search engines, which demonstrated that systems exhibit sentiment bias and rely on unreliable sources, suggesting that users may form opinions based on emotionally skewed or incompletely supported information.[83] The academic review of generative AI search engines evaluated Perplexity's accuracy and reliability. The researchers found that the platform may give answers with error, noting that Perplexity AI produced responses with factual inaccuracies; they also reported that the system can "hallucinate" information and present it with confidence even when its not correct. [83]

Reddit lawsuit

[edit]

In October 2025, Reddit sued Perplexity in federal court in New York, alleging that it and three other companies unlawfully scraped its data and content without permission. The complaint states the data was used to train Perplexity's AI search engine, bypassing Reddit's protections. Reddit is seeking damages and a court order to stop the alleged scraping.[84][85]

Stealth web crawlers

[edit]

In June 2024, separate investigations by the magazine Wired and web developer Robb Knight found that Perplexity does not respect the Robot Exclusion Protocol (or robots.txt) standard, which may include requests for web crawlers to not scrape sections of the site's content, despite Perplexity claiming the opposite. Perplexity also lists the IP address ranges and user agent strings of their web crawlers publicly, but according to Wired and Robb Knight, they use undisclosed IP addresses and spoofed user agent strings when ignoring robots.txt.[12][86] In response, Srinivas stated that Perplexity is not ignoring robots.txt, but suggested it relied on third-party web crawlers that do.[87] When asked, Srinivas declined to say that Perplexity would cease scraping Wired content using third parties.[87]

In August 2025, Cloudflare published research finding that Perplexity was using undeclared "stealth" web crawlers to bypass web application firewalls and robots.txt files intended to block Perplexity crawlers.[13][88] Cloudflare's CEO Matthew Prince tweeted that Perplexity acts "more like North Korean hackers" than like a reputable AI company.[89] Perplexity publicly denied the claims, calling it a "charlatan publicity stunt".[90]

Experts warn that bypassing robots.txt or web-firewall restrictions can carry legal and ethical liability for entities that operate crawlers, exposing them to claims of copyright infringement or trespass of digital property.[91] In the context of AI-powered scraping, these concerns are magnified: widespread use of stealth crawlers by systems like Perplexity AI may violate the rights of content owners, hurt publishers' income, and distrust web rules.[92]

See also

[edit]
  • Meta AI – Artificial intelligence division of Meta Platforms

References

[edit]
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