Template:Infobox philosopher/testcases

Aristotle
Aristotle
	Roman copy in marble of a Greek bronze bust of Aristotle by Lysippus, c. 330 BCE.; The alabaster mantle is modern.
Born	384 BCE; Stagira,; Chalcidice (Chalkidiki),; northern Greece;
Died	322 BCE (aged 62); Euboea, Greece;
Nationality	Greek
Philosophical work
Era	Ancient philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Peripatetic school; Aristotelianism;
Language	Ancient Greek
Main interests	Biology; Zoology; Physics; Metaphysics; Logic; Ethics; Music; Poetry; Theatre; Rhetoric; Politics; Government;
Notable ideas	Golden mean; Aristotelian logic; Syllogism; Hexis; Hylomorphism; Theory of the soul;

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Side by side comparison

Aristotle

Side by side comparison

Aristotle
Roman copy in marble of a Greek bronze bust of Aristotle by Lysippus, c. 330 BCE. The alabaster mantle is modern.
Born	384 BCE Stagira, Chalcidice (Chalkidiki), northern Greece
Died	322 BCE (aged 62) Euboea, Greece
Nationality	Greek

Philosophical work
Era	Ancient philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Peripatetic school Aristotelianism
Language	Ancient Greek
Main interests	Biology Zoology Physics Metaphysics Logic Ethics Music Poetry Theatre Rhetoric Politics Government
Notable ideas	Golden mean Aristotelian logic Syllogism Hexis Hylomorphism Theory of the soul

Schopenhauer

Side by side comparison

Arthur Schopenhauer
Schopenhauer in 1859
Born	(1788-02-22)22 February 1788 Gdańsk (Danzig), Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
Died	21 September 1860(1860-09-21) (aged 72) Frankfurt, German Confederation
Relatives	Johanna Schopenhauer (mother) Adele Schopenhauer (sister)

Education
Education	Illustrious Gymnasium University of Göttingen University of Jena (PhD, 1813)
Thesis	On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (1813)
Philosophical work
Era	19th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Continental philosophy Post-Kantian philosophy Transcendental idealism (disputed)^[1]^[2] Metaphysical voluntarism^[3] Philosophical pessimism
Institutions	University of Berlin
Main interests	Metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, morality, psychology
Notable ideas	Animal ethics Anthropic principle^[4]^[5] Criticism of religion Criticism of German idealism^[6] Eternal justice Fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason Hedgehog's dilemma Philosophical pessimism Principium individuationis Schopenhauerian aesthetics Will as thing in itself Will to live Wooden iron

Signature

Arthur Schopenhauer
Schopenhauer in 1859
Born	(1788-02-22)22 February 1788 Gdańsk (Danzig), Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
Died	21 September 1860(1860-09-21) (aged 72) Frankfurt, German Confederation
Relatives	Johanna Schopenhauer (mother) Adele Schopenhauer (sister)

Education
Education	Illustrious Gymnasium University of Göttingen University of Jena (PhD, 1813)
Thesis	On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (1813)
Philosophical work
Era	19th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Continental philosophy Post-Kantian philosophy Transcendental idealism (disputed)^[1]^[2] Metaphysical voluntarism^[3] Philosophical pessimism
Institutions	University of Berlin
Main interests	Metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, morality, psychology
Notable ideas	Animal ethics Anthropic principle^[4]^[5] Criticism of religion Criticism of German idealism^[6] Eternal justice Fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason Hedgehog's dilemma Philosophical pessimism Principium individuationis Schopenhauerian aesthetics Will as thing in itself Will to live Wooden iron

Signature

Michael J. Sandel

Michael J. Sandel

Born	(1953-03-05) March 5, 1953 (age 72) Minneapolis, Minnesota, US

Education
Alma mater	Brandeis University Balliol College, Oxford
Thesis	Liberalism and the Problem of the Moral Subject (1980)
Doctoral advisor	Charles Taylor
Philosophical work
Era	Contemporary philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Analytic communitarianism
Institutions	Harvard University
Language	English
Main interests	Political philosophy jurisprudence ethics
Notable works	Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982) Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do? (2009)
Notable ideas	Communitarian critique of liberalism

Michael J. Sandel's voice Recorded June 2009 from the BBC Radio 4 programme the Reith Lectures

Michael J. Sandel

Born	(1953-03-05) March 5, 1953 (age 72) Minneapolis, Minnesota, US

Education
Alma mater	Brandeis University Balliol College, Oxford
Thesis	Liberalism and the Problem of the Moral Subject (1980)
Doctoral advisor	Charles Taylor
Philosophical work
Era	Contemporary philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Analytic communitarianism
Institutions	Harvard University
Language	English
Main interests	Political philosophy jurisprudence ethics
Notable works	Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982) Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do? (2009)
Notable ideas	Communitarian critique of liberalism

Michael J. Sandel's voice Recorded June 2009 from the BBC Radio 4 programme the Reith Lectures

Michael J. Sandel

Born	(1953-03-05) March 5, 1953 (age 72) Minneapolis, Minnesota, US

Education
Alma mater	Brandeis University Balliol College, Oxford
Thesis	Liberalism and the Problem of the Moral Subject (1980)
Doctoral advisor	Charles Taylor
Philosophical work
Era	Contemporary philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Analytic communitarianism
Institutions	Harvard University
Language	English
Main interests	Political philosophy jurisprudence ethics
Notable works	Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982) Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do? (2009)
Notable ideas	Communitarian critique of liberalism

Michael J. Sandel's voice Recorded June 2009 from the BBC Radio 4 programme the Reith Lectures

Michael J. Sandel

Born	(1953-03-05) March 5, 1953 (age 72) Minneapolis, Minnesota, US

Education
Alma mater	Brandeis University Balliol College, Oxford
Thesis	Liberalism and the Problem of the Moral Subject (1980)
Doctoral advisor	Charles Taylor
Philosophical work
Era	Contemporary philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Analytic communitarianism
Institutions	Harvard University
Language	English
Main interests	Political philosophy jurisprudence ethics
Notable works	Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982) Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do? (2009)
Notable ideas	Communitarian critique of liberalism

Michael J. Sandel's voice Recorded June 2009 from the BBC Radio 4 programme the Reith Lectures

Test embedded

Side by side comparison

Saint Albertus Magnus OP
The Apparition of the Virgin to Saint Albert the Great by Vicente Salvador Gomez
Bishop of Regensburg Doctor of the Church
Born	c. 1200^[7] Lauingen, Duchy of Bavaria
Died	15 November 1280 Cologne, Holy Roman Empire
Venerated in	Catholic Church
Beatified	1622, Rome, Papal States by Pope Gregory XV
Canonized	16 December 1931, Vatican City by Pope Pius XI
Major shrine	St. Andrew's Church, Cologne
Feast	15 November
Attributes	Dominican habit, mitre, book, and quill
Patronage	Those who cultivate the natural sciences, medical technicians, philosophers, and scientists
Other names	Albertus Teutonicus, Albertus Coloniensis, Albert the Great, Albert of Cologne
Alma mater	University of Padua
Known for	Teaching of theology Pioneering scholar of Aristotle Systematic study of minerals Discovery of the element arsenic
Scientific career
Fields	Natural science Alchemy Jurisprudence Diplomacy Theology Natural philosophy
Doctoral advisor	Jordan of Saxony



Philosophical work
Era	Medieval philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Scholasticism Aristotelianism Medieval realism^[8]
Institutions	University of Paris
Notable students	Thomas Aquinas, Petrus Ferrandi Hispanus
Main interests	Philosophy physiology mineralogy astrology geography astronomy music theory natural science alchemy jurisprudence diplomacy theology natural philosophy
Notable ideas	Natural law Aevum^[9]



Ecclesiastical career
Religion	Christianity
Church	Catholic Church
Offices held	Bishop of Regensburg

Saint Albertus Magnus OP
The Apparition of the Virgin to Saint Albert the Great by Vicente Salvador Gomez
Bishop of Regensburg Doctor of the Church
Born	c. 1200^[10] Lauingen, Duchy of Bavaria
Died	15 November 1280 Cologne, Holy Roman Empire
Venerated in	Catholic Church
Beatified	1622, Rome, Papal States by Pope Gregory XV
Canonized	16 December 1931, Vatican City by Pope Pius XI
Major shrine	St. Andrew's Church, Cologne
Feast	15 November
Attributes	Dominican habit, mitre, book, and quill
Patronage	Those who cultivate the natural sciences, medical technicians, philosophers, and scientists
Other names	Albertus Teutonicus, Albertus Coloniensis, Albert the Great, Albert of Cologne
Alma mater	University of Padua
Known for	Teaching of theology Pioneering scholar of Aristotle Systematic study of minerals Discovery of the element arsenic
Scientific career
Fields	Natural science Alchemy Jurisprudence Diplomacy Theology Natural philosophy
Doctoral advisor	Jordan of Saxony



Philosophical work
Era	Medieval philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Scholasticism Aristotelianism Medieval realism^[11]
Institutions	University of Paris
Notable students	Thomas Aquinas, Petrus Ferrandi Hispanus
Main interests	Philosophy physiology mineralogy astrology geography astronomy music theory natural science alchemy jurisprudence diplomacy theology natural philosophy
Notable ideas	Natural law Aevum^[12]



Ecclesiastical career
Religion	Christianity
Church	Catholic Church
Offices held	Bishop of Regensburg

References

^ "Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
^ Frederick C. Beiser reviews the commonly held position that Schopenhauer was a transcendental idealist and he rejects it: "Though it is deeply heretical from the standpoint of transcendental idealism, Schopenhauer's objective standpoint involves a form of transcendental realism, i.e. the assumption of the independent reality of the world of experience." (Beiser 2016, p. 40)
^ Voluntarism (philosophy) Archived 17 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine – Britannica.com
^ Arthur Schopenhauer, Arthur Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Presentation, Volume 1, Routledge, 2016, p. 211: "the world [is a] mere presentation, object for a subject ..."
^ Lennart Svensson, Borderline: A Traditionalist Outlook for Modern Man, Numen Books, 2015, p. 71: "[Schopenhauer] said that 'the world is our conception'. A world without a perceiver would in that case be an impossibility. But we can—he said—gain knowledge about Essential Reality for looking into ourselves, by introspection. ... This is one of many examples of the anthropic principle. The world is there for the sake of man."
^ The World as Will and Representation, vol. 3, Ch. 50.
^ "St. Albertus Magnus". Britannica. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
^ Hilde de Ridder-Symoens (ed.). A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 439.
^ Albertus Magnus, De IV coaequaevis, tract. 2, qu. 3.
^ "St. Albertus Magnus". Britannica. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
^ Hilde de Ridder-Symoens (ed.). A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 439.
^ Albertus Magnus, De IV coaequaevis, tract. 2, qu. 3.

[iep-1] "Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2013.

[2] Frederick C. Beiser reviews the commonly held position that Schopenhauer was a transcendental idealist and he rejects it: "Though it is deeply heretical from the standpoint of transcendental idealism, Schopenhauer's objective standpoint involves a form of transcendental realism, i.e. the assumption of the independent reality of the world of experience." (Beiser 2016, p. 40)

[Brit-3] Voluntarism (philosophy) Archived 17 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine – Britannica.com

[4] Arthur Schopenhauer, Arthur Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Presentation, Volume 1, Routledge, 2016, p. 211: "the world [is a] mere presentation, object for a subject ..."

[5] Lennart Svensson, Borderline: A Traditionalist Outlook for Modern Man, Numen Books, 2015, p. 71: "[Schopenhauer] said that 'the world is our conception'. A world without a perceiver would in that case be an impossibility. But we can—he said—gain knowledge about Essential Reality for looking into ourselves, by introspection. ... This is one of many examples of the anthropic principle. The world is there for the sake of man."

[WWR3-6] The World as Will and Representation, vol. 3, Ch. 50.

[7] "St. Albertus Magnus". Britannica. Retrieved 19 July 2020.

[8] Hilde de Ridder-Symoens (ed.). A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 439.

[9] Albertus Magnus, De IV coaequaevis, tract. 2, qu. 3.

[10] "St. Albertus Magnus". Britannica. Retrieved 19 July 2020.

[11] Hilde de Ridder-Symoens (ed.). A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 439.

[12] Albertus Magnus, De IV coaequaevis, tract. 2, qu. 3.

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