Wikipedia

Torbanite

Not to be confused with Torbernite.

Photomicrograph of torbanite, from Bathgate, Scotland

Torbanite, also known historically as boghead coal or kerosene shale, is a variety of fine-grained black oil shale. It usually occurs as lenticular masses, often associated with deposits of Permian coals.[1][2] Torbanite is classified as lacustrine type oil shale.[3] A similar mineral, cannel coal, is classified as being a terrestrial form of oil shale, not a lacustrine type.[3]

Torbanite is named after Torbane Hill near Bathgate in West Lothian, Scotland, a major location of occurrence.[4] Torbanite found in Bathgate may have formations of bathvillite found within it.[5] Historically, two other names have been used for torbanite. Boghead coal is named after Boghead estate, also near Bathgate in Scotland. In Australia, the historical name for torbanite was kerosene shale.[6][7]

Other major deposits of torbanite are found in Pennsylvania and Illinois, US, in Mpumalanga Province in South Africa, in the Sydney Basin of New South Wales, Australia,[8] the largest deposit of which is located at Glen Davis, and in Nova Scotia, Canada.[1][4]

Organic matter (telalginite) in torbanite is derived from lipid-rich microscopic plant remains similar in appearance to the fresh-water colonial green alga Botryococcus braunii.[1][2][4] This evidence and extracellular hydrocarbons produced by the alga have led scientists to examine the alga as a source of Permian torbanites[9] and a possible producer of biofuels.[10][11] Torbanite consists of subordinate amounts of vitrinite and inertinite; however, their occurrence varies depending on deposits.[4]

Torbanite typically comprises 88% carbon and 11% hydrogen.[1] Paraffin oil can be distilled from some forms of torbanite, a process discovered and patented by James Young in 1851.[12][citation needed]

A rubber-like, elastic, highly-resilient bituminous substance, known as coorongite—classified as an organic-rich sediment and named after the Coorong, a lagoon in South Australia where it was found—was in 1925 identified as a "peat stage" in the formation of torbanite, which suggested the lacustrine and algal origin of torbanite.[6][13][14][11] However, a 1989 study looked at coorongite collected on the shores of the Darwin River Reservoir in the Northern Territory, where Botryococcus braunii B race grows profusely. The authors concluded that torbanite could not be derived from coorongite, because although "torbanite and some coorongites derive from a common algal source, they clearly show distinct structures, as a result of markedly different conditions of early diagenesis of the Botryococcus biomass". Torbanite is characterised by well-separated fossil colonies, while coorongite is not.[15]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Yen, T.F.; Chilingar, George V. (1976). "Introduction to Oil Shales". Oil Shale. Developments in Petroleum Science. Vol. 5. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0376-7361(08)70041-4. ISBN 978-0-444-41408-3.
  2. ^ a b Lee, Sunggyu (1990). Oil Shale Technology. CRC Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8493-4615-6. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
  3. ^ a b Hutton, A.C. (1987). "Petrographic classification of oil shales". International Journal of Coal Geology. 8 (3). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 203–231. Bibcode:1987IJCG....8..203H. doi:10.1016/0166-5162(87)90032-2. ISSN 0166-5162.
  4. ^ a b c d Dyni, J R (2003). "Geology and Resources of Some World Oil-Shale Deposits". Oil Shale. 20 (3): 193. doi:10.3176/oil.2003.3.02.
  5. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bathvillite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 521.
  6. ^ a b Thiessen, Reinhardt (1925). Origin of the boghead coals (Report). pp. 121–137.
  7. ^ "SCIENTIFIC". Australasian. 13 November 1909. p. 54. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  8. ^ Brian Ayling. "Shale mining relics at Airly, Genowlan Creek and Torbane, NSW". Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  9. ^ Meuzelaar, Henk L. C.; Windig, Willem; Futrell, Jean H.; Harper, Alice M.; Larter, Steve R. (1986). "Pyrolysis mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis of several key world oil shale kerogens and some recent alginites". In Aczel, Thomas (ed.). Mass spectrometric characterization of shale oils: a symposium. Philadelphia: ASTM International. pp. 81–105. ISBN 978-0-8031-0467-9. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  10. ^ Lee, Robert E. (1999). Phycology (3 ed.). Cambridge, [England]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-521-63883-8.
  11. ^ a b "The value of corrongite". The Chronicle (Adelaide). 22 August 1925. p. 73. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  12. ^ "Paraffin Young landmark plaque unveiled by great-great-grandson". Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  13. ^ "Coroongite". Mindat.org.
  14. ^ "Organic-rich sediment". Mindat.org.
  15. ^ Dubreuil, C.; Derenne, S.; Largeau, C.; Berkaloff, C.; Rousseau, B. (January 1989). "Mechanism of formation and chemical structure of Coorongite—I. Role of the resistant biopolymer and of the hydrocarbons of Botryococcus braunii. Ultrastructure of Coorongite and its relationship with Torbanite". Organic Geochemistry. 14 (5): 543–553. Bibcode:1989OrGeo..14..543D. doi:10.1016/0146-6380(89)90034-X.