Wikipedia

Isotopes of gallium#List of isotopes

Isotopes of gallium (31Ga)
Main isotopes[1] Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
66Ga synth 9.304 h β+ 66Zn
67Ga synth 3.2617 d ε 67Zn
68Ga synth 67.84 min β+ 68Zn
69Ga 60.1% stable
70Ga synth 21.14 min β− 70Ge
ε 70Zn
71Ga 39.9% stable
72Ga synth 14.025 h β− 72Ge
73Ga synth 4.86 h β− 73Ge
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ga)

Natural gallium (31Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. Synthetic radioisotopes are known with atomic masses ranging from 60 to 89, along with seven nuclear isomers. Most of the isotopes with atomic mass numbers below 69 decay by electron capture and positron emission to isotopes of zinc, while most of the isotopes with masses above 71 beta decay to isotopes of germanium.

The medically important radioisotopes are gallium-67 and gallium-68, used for imaging, and further described below.

List of isotopes

[edit]


Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da)[4]
[n 2][n 3] 		Half-life[1]
 Decay
mode[1]
[n 4] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 5] 		Spin and
parity[1]
[n 6][n 7] 		Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy Normal proportion[1] Range of variation
59Ga 31 28
60Ga 31 29 59.95750(22)# 72.4(17) ms β+ (98.4%) 60Zn (2+)
β+, p (1.6%) 59Cu
β+, α? (<0.023%) 56Ni
61Ga 31 30 60.949399(41) 165.9(25) ms β+ 61Zn 3/2−
β+, p? (<0.25%) 60Cu
62Ga 31 31 61.94418964(68) 116.122(21) ms β+ 62Zn 0+
63Ga 31 32 62.9392942(14) 32.4(5) s β+ 63Zn 3/2−
64Ga 31 33 63.9368404(15) 2.627(12) min β+ 64Zn 0(+#)
64mGa 42.85(8) keV 21.9(7) μs IT 64Ga (2+)
65Ga 31 34 64.93273442(85) 15.133(28) min β+ 65Zn 3/2−
66Ga 31 35 65.9315898(12) 9.304(8) h β+ 66Zn 0+
67Ga[n 8] 31 36 66.9282023(13) 3.2617(4) d EC 67Zn 3/2−
68Ga[n 8] 31 37 67.9279802(15) 67.842(16) min β+ 68Zn 1+
69Ga 31 38 68.9255735(13) Stable 3/2− 0.60108(50)
70Ga 31 39 69.9260219(13) 21.14(5) min β− (99.59%) 70Ge 1+
EC (0.41%) 70Zn
71Ga 31 40 70.92470255(87) Stable 3/2− 0.39892(50)
72Ga 31 41 71.92636745(88) 14.025(10) h β− 72Ge 3−
72mGa 119.66(5) keV 39.68(13) ms IT 72Ga (0+)
73Ga 31 42 72.9251747(18) 4.86(3) h β− 73Ge 1/2−
73mGa 0.15(9) keV <200 ms IT? 73Ga 3/2−
β− 73Ge
74Ga 31 43 73.9269457(32) 8.12(12) min β− 74Ge (3−)
74mGa 59.571(14) keV 9.5(10) s IT (>75%) 74Ga (0)(+#)
β−? (<25%) 74Ge
75Ga 31 44 74.92650448(72) 126(2) s β− 75Ge 3/2−
76Ga 31 45 75.9288276(21) 30.6(6) s β− 76Ge 2−
77Ga 31 46 76.9291543(26) 13.2(2) s β− 77mGe (88%) 3/2−
77Ge (12%)
78Ga 31 47 77.9316109(11) 5.09(5) s β− 78Ge 2−
78mGa 498.9(5) keV 110(3) ns IT 78Ga
79Ga 31 48 78.9328516(13) 2.848(3) s β− (99.911%) 79Ge 3/2−
β−, n (0.089%) 78Ge
80Ga 31 49 79.9364208(31) 1.9(1) s β− (99.14%) 80Ge 6−
β−, n (.86%) 79Ge
80mGa[n 9] 22.45(10) keV 1.3(2) s β− 80Ge 3−
β−, n? 79Ge
IT 80Ga
81Ga 31 50 80.9381338(35) 1.217(5) s β− (87.5%) 81mGe 5/2−
β−, n (12.5%) 80Ge
82Ga 31 51 81.9431765(26) 600(2) ms β− (78.8%) 82Ge 2−
β−, n (21.2%) 81Ge
β−, 2n? 80Ge
82mGa 140.7(3) keV 93.5(67) ns IT 82Ga (4−)
83Ga 31 52 82.9471203(28) 310.0(7) ms β−, n (85%) 82Ge 5/2−#
β− (15%) 83Ge
β−, 2n? 81Ge
84Ga 31 53 83.952663(32) 97.6(12) ms β− (55%) 84Ge 0−#
β−, n (43%) 83Ge
β−, 2n (1.6%) 82Ge
85Ga 31 54 84.957333(40) 95.3(10) ms β−, n (77%) 84Ge (5/2−)
β− (22%) 85Ge
β−, 2n (1.3%) 83Ge
86Ga 31 55 85.96376(43)# 49(2) ms β−, n (69%) 85Ge
β−, 2n (16.2%) 84Ge
β− (15%) 86Ge
87Ga 31 56 86.96901(54)# 29(4) ms β−, n (81%) 86Ge 5/2−#
β−, 2n (10.2%) 85Ge
β− (9%) 87Ge
88Ga[5] 31 57 87.97596(54)# β−? 88Ge
β−, n? 87Ge
89Ga[5] 31 58
This table header & footer:
  1. ^ mGa – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture


    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  5. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  6. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  7. ^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  8. ^ a b Medical radioisotope used in imaging
  9. ^ Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

Gallium-67

[edit]

Gallium-67 (67
Ga), the longest-lived radioactive isotope of gallium with a half-life of 3.2617 days, decays by electron capture with gamma emission to stable zinc-67. It is a radiopharmaceutical used in gallium scans (as is gallium-68). This isotope is imaged by a gamma camera.

It is usually used as the free ion, Ga3+.

Gallium-68

[edit]

Gallium-68 (68
Ga) is a positron emitter with a half-life of 67.84 minutes, decaying to stable zinc-68. It is used as a radiopharmaceutical, generated in situ from the electron capture of germanium-68 (half-life 271.05 days) owing to its short half-life. The isotope, where a cyclotron is available, can be made in greater quantities by proton bombardment of 68Zn.[6][7] This positron-emitting isotope can be imaged efficiently by PET scan: see gallium scan. Gallium-68 is normally used as a radioactive label for a ligand which binds to certain tissues, such as DOTATOC and DOTATATE,[8] which are somatostatin analogues useful for imaging neuroendocrine tumors, which gives it a different tissue uptake specificity from the free ion gallium-67 is usually used as. Such scans are useful in locating neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic cancer.[9] Thus, octreotide scanning for NET tumors (using indium-111) is being increasingly replaced by gallium-68 DOTATOC scan.[10]

See also

[edit]

Daughter products other than gallium

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium". CIAAW. 1987.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  5. ^ a b Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4): 044313. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.
  6. ^ Kumlin, J; Dam, J; Langkjaer, N; Chua, C.J.; Borjian, S.; Kassaian, A; Hook, B; Zeisler, S; Schaffer, P; Helge, Thisgaard (October 2019). "Multi-Curie Production of Ga-68 on a Biomedical Cyclotron". Conference: EANM'19. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  7. ^ Thisgaard, Helge; Kumlin, Joel; Langkjær, Niels; Chua, Jansen; Hook, Brian; Jensen, Mikael; Kassaian, Amir; Zeisler, Stefan; Borjian, Sogol; Cross, Michael; Schaffer, Paul (2021-01-07). "Multi-curie production of gallium-68 on a biomedical cyclotron and automated radiolabelling of PSMA-11 and DOTATATE". EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry. 6 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/s41181-020-00114-9. ISSN 2365-421X. PMC 7790954. PMID 33411034.
  8. ^ Chauhan, Aman; El-Khouli, Riham; Waits, Timothy; Agrawal, Rohitashva; Siddiqui, Fariha; Tarter, Zachary; Horn, Millicent; Weiss, Heidi; Oates, Elizabeth; Evers, B. Mark; Anthony, Lowell (2020-08-11). "Post FDA approval analysis of 200 gallium-68 DOTATATE imaging: A retrospective analysis in neuroendocrine tumor patients". Oncotarget. 11 (32): 3061–3068. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.27695. ISSN 1949-2553. PMC 7429177. PMID 32850010.
  9. ^ Hofman, M.S.; Kong, G.; Neels, O.C.; Eu, P.; Hong, E.; Hicks, R.J. (2012). "High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours". Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 56 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x. PMID 22339744. S2CID 21843609.
  10. ^ Scott, A, et al. (2018). "Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors". Journal of Oncology Practice. 14 (8): 471–482. doi:10.1200/JOP.18.00135. PMC 6091496. PMID 30096273.