Talk:Circumcision

es.wiki: The circumcision —from Latin circumcīsiō, -ōnis, word composed in turn of circum- ‘around’ and cisius ‘cut’— is one surgical operation which consists of cutting a portion or all of it foreskin del human penis. It is practiced mainly for ritual or medical reasons. When it is performed as a medical procedure it is called postectomy. Circumcision can be performed for reasons therapeutics, especially in the treatment for balanoposthitis chronic, viral infections, correct the phimosis or the paraphimosis. The WHO considers male circumcision as part of a broader set of measures to prevent infection HIV. These measures would include the promotion of safe sexual practices and the use of condom. Therefore, circumcision does not replace other methods of proven effectiveness, such as, for example, the systematic and correct use of condoms. There are different ways to perform circumcision, depending on where the cut is made and the amount of foreskin removed. As a general rule, once done, the glans it is permanently discovered. Circumcision raises some ethical issues and is the cause of controversy and medical and legal debate around the world.Ethical and legal questions have been raised about informed consent and human rights regarding the circumcision of infants and children for non-therapeutic reasons. He Council of Europe considers that ritual circumcision performed on children without a therapeutic reason is a violation of their physical integrity. No major medical organization recommends universal circumcision for all males, nor its prohibition. The positions of the world's leading medical organizations range from considering facultative circumcision of infants and boys as a practice that lacks both significant risks and benefitseven the one who maintains that the procedure has a modest health benefit that outweighs the risks. Many scientists argue that circumcision decreases the risk of HIV infection and all types of sexually transmitted infections.

fr.wiki There circumcision, in latin : circumcisio, "cutting around, cutting", designates, in its most widespread form, l’ablation total or partial of foreskin, thus removing its functions and leaving it glans penis permanently exposed. According to l’World Health Organization (WHO), in 2009, 661 million of men over 15 years would be circumcised, approximately 30% of the world's adult male population. Circumcision can be performed for reasons therapeutics, particularly in the treatment of phimosis and paraphimosis ; it is then called " posthectomy " (from Greek posthe : foreskin; ectomy : excision). Circumcision ritual has been practiced for cultural and religious reasons sinceAntiquity in Ancient Egypt and in black Africa then in the judaism and theislam. This rite is also in use among certain communities christians (notably oriental). Circumcision systematically requires essential conditionshygiene andasepsis, as well as support for the pain adapted, including during ritual practices, which is far from being universally practiced,. Indeed, theWHO emphasizes that "circumcisions for religious or traditional reasons often take place in non-medical settings although, in some cultures, they increasingly take place in a medical setting",. Some populations practice circumcision for more cultural than religious reasons, citing reasons of hygiene and risk reduction d’infection, but also by tradition, social cohesion, identity, or again masculinity, like the United States, of Philippines, or the South Korea, countries in which the majority of men are circumcised. The practice of circumcision has increased in the western world at the beginning of XXe century until becoming a routine operation on newborns, but it has nevertheless been in sharp but variable decline since the second half of the XXe century except in the United States. The positions of medical organizations regarding circumcision prophylactic (disease prevention) of children and adults are diverse and contradictory. Indeed, theWHO and UNAIDS recommend circumcision at any age in order to counter AIDS in high areas prevalence, when l’American Academy of Pediatrics states that "the benefits of circumcision of newborns outweigh the risks" and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention believe that medical staff should inform all parents of boys as well as all teenagers and uncircumcised adult men on the medical benefits of circumcision,. These positions were contradicted by representatives of numerous medical associations (mainly in Europe), the Swedish organization even believes that non-therapeutic circumcision of minors should be prohibited. Generally practiced on children without compelling medical reasons, circumcision raises many questions related to circumcision throughout the worldethics, and she is the object of controversies and of legal debates. This is how the Council of Europe considers religious circumcisions of children a violation of their physical integrity,.

de.wiki Circumcision (from Latin circum ‚around, around‘ / Latin incisere ‚cut‘: Latin circumcisio ‚Circumcision‘), also male circumcision, primarily means the complete removal of the male foreskin. Contrary to its original meaning, partial removal of the male foreskin is now often considered a circumcision. Circumcision is one of the most frequently performed physical procedures worldwide and is usually performed from religious and cultural Motives carried out, rarely with medical indication. Currently, it is estimated that between 33% and 39% of the male world population. Circumcision of healthy children on the eighth day of life applies in Judaism as a commandment God. The Quran does not mention them explicitly. Nevertheless, in Islamic countries it is known as Sunnah widely used and is carried out in childhood or adolescence. In some societies, circumcision is a Initiation ritual; this ritual symbolizes the acceptance of the young person into the community of adult men. Circumcision is one of several treatment options (see B. Triple incision), which, for example, occur in severe forms of pathological phimosis is considered indicated if treatment alternatives are not promising or have not previously produced a cure. Circumcision as a routine procedure is particularly controversial among minors, although not to an extent that is comparable to that of universal ostracism the Female genital mutilation would be comparable. Many child protection associations and some medical organizations reject non-medically justified circumcision because it irreversibly changes the body and is not in line with health protection and child welfare in the case of boys who are unable to consent. In the Anglo-Saxon world, there has long been a social debate between groups of opponents of circumcision („intactivists“ movement) and supporters. Medical benefits and risks are particularly controversial, including in children ethical and legal aspects and the assessment with regard to the human rights, especially the right to physical integrity.

ru.wiki Circumcision or circumcision — traditional practice or surgical operation (circumcision, from lat. circumcisio) — removal in male members foreskin with various objectives: social (initiation, regulation of sexuality, prevention of sexual practices considered to be vicious); religious (dedication to God, currently practiced mainly in jews (hebrew. brit mila — lit. «covenant of circumcision») and muslims; medical (elimination of anatomical deficiency, disease prevention); national (for example, as a sign that even a non-religious Jew belongs to his people). A somewhat similar procedure on the female genital organs is called «female circumcision».

zh.wiki Circumcision, also known as penile circumcision or, in a religious context, male circumcision, is one of the oldest known surgical procedures in human history and the most common surgical procedure performed on men. The reasons for performing it may be related to medical, hygienic, aesthetic, social, and religious cultural factors [1][2][3]. It is estimated that approximately 40% of men worldwide have undergone circumcision, but the actual number may be higher due to the diversity of surgical methods and the fact that many circumcisions are performed in private homes or clinics [4][5][6].

The purpose of circumcision is to remove the skin (foreskin) that covers the tip of the penis, fully exposing the glans. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as phimosis and redundant foreskin. Circumcision can be performed at different ages throughout a man's life, with no fixed age limit [7][8][9][10][11][12].

The World Health Organization defines voluntary circumcision as a simple and safe procedure and includes it as part of its comprehensive HIV prevention strategy [13][14][15]. Between 2007 and 2020, the WHO provided nearly 30 million preventative circumcisions in sub-Saharan African countries. It is estimated that these procedures will prevent 1.6 million HIV infections by 2030 [16][17][18]. Furthermore, men who have undergone circumcision have a lower risk of syphilis compared to uncircumcised men [19]. Circumcision can also reduce the risk of cancerous changes caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) [20][21], as well as reduce the risk of urinary tract infections and penile cancer [22][23][24].

Common circumcisions are elective procedures performed on infants and children for religious or cultural reasons [25]. Some circumcisions are also performed for therapeutic or preventative reasons. From a medical perspective, medically necessary circumcision is typically only considered when there are clear indications, such as phimosis complicated by recurrent infections, balanitis unresponsive to other conservative treatments, or recurrent chronic urinary tract infections [7][26]. In cases of certain genital anatomical abnormalities or limited medical resources, the decision to perform circumcision usually requires careful evaluation, and the procedure may be delayed or alternative treatments chosen [8][26].

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) state in their policy statements that the health benefits of neonatal male circumcision generally outweigh the potential risks, and therefore these benefits are sufficient to support families choosing and obtaining this medical service with informed consent [27][28]. Studies show that uncircumcised infants, especially in the first year of life, have an increased risk of urinary tract infections [19]. Currently, no major international medical or public health organization advocates for routine circumcision of all males. Most organizations consider circumcision an intervention or personal choice in specific medical or public health contexts, emphasizing informed consent and individualized decision-making [29]. However, because infants cannot make their own surgical decisions, routine non-therapeutic circumcision raises ethical issues and human rights concerns related to informed consent [30][31].

Globally, men who have undergone circumcision are primarily found in the United States, Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and some Southeast Asian countries [25][32][33][34]. There are many different theories regarding the origin of this procedure, ranging from religious factors to coming-of-age rituals for boys [35]. The earliest known documentation indicates that circumcision originated in ancient Egypt [25]. Religiously, circumcision is known as ritual circumcision and is part of Jewish Halakha [36], and is also a common practice in Islam, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church [25][37][38].